The Josephinum is the owner of one of the world's largest collections of anatomical wax models from the 18th century, commissioned by the Austrian Emperor Joseph II. The order of 1,192 pieces was made between 1781 and 1784 and fulfilled in Florence under the supervision of the physicist, anatomist and naturalist Felice Fontana, physician and anatomist Paolo Mascagni, and modeller Clemente Susini. Today, the unique collection is on display at the Josephinum and includes full-length models as well as individual body parts, organs and systems. The exhibits are stored in original vitrines of rosewood and Venetian glass.

A collection of 65 sets of surgical instruments made by Viennese craftsman Joseph Malliard under the direction of Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla, an Italian-born Austrian surgeon eighteenth-century innovator in military surgery. Today, this collection, known as the “Instrumentarium Chirurgicum Militare Austriacum” is on display at the Josephinum Museum, Vienna