The French company Charrière, founded by Joseph-Frédéric-Benoêt Charrière in the early 19th century, stands as a testament to innovation in medical instrument manufacturing. Born in 1803 in Switzerland, Charrière moved to Paris as a teenager and eventually took over his mentor's cutlery workshop. He became renowned for producing high-quality surgical instruments, notably in lithotripsy and anesthesia. Charrière's technical skill, creativity, and eagerness to learn from surgeons directly influenced his designs. He is also credited with creating the 'Charrière scale,' a measurement standard for medical instruments (also known as 'French gauge'). After his death the company worked under the name Maison Collin till 1957 when it was taken over by Maison Gentile. Charrière's legacy in medical technology endures, symbolizing groundbreaking advancements in healthcare tools.

The French company Maison Collin was organized as a successor of the famous Maison Charrière, founded by Joseph-Frédéric-Benoêt Charrière in the early 19th century. Anatole Pierre Urbain Louis Colline (1831-1923) and Louis-Apollinaire Robert bought the Charrière firm on May 19, 1866. Robert left the company at 1876. Address of Maison Collin was 60 rue Mazarine, Paris. The company worked under the name Maison Collin till 1957 when it was taken over by Maison Gentile. 

The company, Shepard & Dudley NY, established by instrument makers in New York, operated from 1870 to the late 1890s. The company Shepard and Dudley did not manufacture instruments during or prior to the Civil War, they were producers of surgical sets for civilian purposes post-war. 

Maison Gentile was founded in 1891. Address: 49 rue Saint-André-des-arts, Paris. The founder, Pierre Gentile, was trained in the Galante workshops. The company was making metal and "caoutchouc" (rubber) instruments. Maison Gentile acquired Maison Collin (former Maison Charrière) in 1957. It closed its doors permanently in 1972.

The company Hawksley and Sons was founded in 1869 by Charles Hawksley, in Oxford Street London. The talented founder invented Haemocytometer of his own design. The firm became was one of the of the founding members of the British Surgical Trade Association (today BHTA). It was focused on the Blood counting chambers, and early Blood Pressure devices. William Baum took over the company in 1916. In the post-war years the firm started to produce centrifuges.  

Elastolin was a trademark of O.&M. Hausser - a company founded in 1904 by Otto and Max Hausser in Ludwigsburg (Baden-Württemberg, Germany). In 1910, the company began producing parlor games and mass-produced figurines. These mostly depicted soldiers and other war toys and were made from ELASTOLIN - a paste of sawdust, casein, glue and kaolin with wire frames in tin moldes. In 1935 the company moved to Neustadt near Coburg in Bavaria. After the Second World War, production was gradually reduced and the company was finally closed down in 1983. The Elastolin figurines had an oval base (not rectangular like their competitor Lineol).

Lineol was one of the leading Germany toy-soldiers manufacturer. The figures were made of LINEOL – combination of linseed oil and tree resin. Besides of military troops there were an extensive collection of the medical personnel – surgeons, combat medics and nurses as well as wounded soldiers. In the 1930s, LINEOL AG employed 300 to 400 people. Today the company operates under the "Lineol Dirk Duscha" brand name.