Ambroise Paré (1510-1590), considered to be 'père de la chirurgie française' (father of French surgery).

Georg Bartisch (1535–ca.1607), famous German barber-surgeon, founder of modern ophthalmology.  Oculist, barber-surgeon, urologist, author of Ophthalmodouleia

Lorenz Heister, an 18th-century prominent German surgeon, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the University of Altdorf, Germany. He authored influential books translated into multiple languages, leaving a lasting impact on medical education, including famous "Chirurgie, in welcher alles was zur Wund Artzney gehöret, nach der neuesten und besten Art, gründlich abgehandelt wird." translated in all main European languages.

Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (Russian: Николай Иванович Пирогов; 25.11.1810 – 5.12.1881) was a renowned Russian surgeon, "The father of Russian field surgery" and "The father of Russian topography anatomy", scientist, professor of surgery, publicist and author. Pirogov promoted surgical anaesthesia in Russian Empire, was the first who describe some negative effects and possible complications of general anaesthesia. He was one of the first in the world introducing ether anaesthesia on the battlefield.

Hans von Gersdorff (1455-1529) was a German surgeon and medical writer who lived during the 15th and early 16th centuries. He is best known for his military surgical experience and his influential medical manual, the Feldtbuch der Wundarzney (Field Book of Wound Medicine), which became one of the most widely used surgical textbooks in medieval Europe. His work played a crucial role in shaping the field of surgery, particularly in the treatment of battlefield injuries, amputations, and wound care.

Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (26.09.1849 – 27.02.1936), Russian and Soviet experimental neurologist and physiologist, Nobel Prize winner.

Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla, Baron di Carpiano(San Zenone al Po, April 15, 1728 – Padua, July 30, 1800, was a great Italian and Austrian surgeon, Court Surgeon of the Emperor Joseph II, founder and the first director of the Military Medicine-Surgical Academy Josephinum, Vienna, Austria

Åsmund S. Lærdal (Asmund S. Laerdal), a Norwegian entrepreneur and humanitarian, made significant contributions to emergency medical care by creating Resusci Anne, the first realistic CPR training manikin, in 1960. Laerdal's work revolutionized resuscitation training and later entire medical education. He founded Laerdal Medical, a company that continues to innovate in medical simulation, helping millions worldwide learn life-saving skills and reducing fatalities from emergencies.

Georges de La Faye (1699-1781), French surgeon, Principes de chirurgie. A student's notes of lectures at the Académie royale de Chirurgie in Paris, where La Faye was Démonstrateur.

Kushnerev Ivan Nikolayevich (24.11.1827-10.02.1896)– Russian writer and publisher, the son of a poor noble landowner. The Partnership I. N. Kushnerev and Co. publishing house, founded in Moscow in 1871, was one of the largest and best-known publishing houses of pre-revolutionary Russia. The house published a wide range of fiction and specialised literature, including medical works of Nikolay Pirogov and Ivan Pavlov.

Joseph-Frédéric-Benoît Charrière. Famous medical instruments manufacturer and inventor, Charrière was born 19th of March 1803, in Cerniat, canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. Charrière would emerge as a pivotal figure in the realm of surgical instrumentation of the early 19th century, leaving a legacy that transcends time and continues to influence modern medicine. He is known as an inventor of "French gauge", manufacturer numerous innovative instruments. A number of distinguished European instrument makers were his apprentices.

Joseph-Frédéric-Benoît Charrière. Famous medical instruments manufacturer and inventor, Charrière was born 19th of March 1803, in Cerniat, canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. Charrière would emerge as a pivotal figure in the realm of surgical instrumentation of the early 19th century, leaving a legacy that transcends time and continues to influence modern medicine. He is known as an inventor of "French gauge", manufacturer numerous innovative instruments. A number of distinguished European instrument makers were his apprentices.

Leonardo da Vinci was, besides of everything else, outstanding anatomist. However, his wonderful works did not influence contemporary science.