Giovanni Andrea Della Croce (1515–1575), Italian Renaissance surgeon, neurosurgeon and traumatologist. Venetian surgeon published his landmark seven-volume surgical compendium in Latin (1573) and Italian (1574), bringing cutting-edge knowledge to physicians and barber-surgeons alike. Grounded in battlefield experience and rich in illustration, his work transformed surgery from a craft into a teachable science — earning him comparison with France's Ambroise Paré.

Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla, Baron di Carpiano(San Zenone al Po, April 15, 1728 – Padua, July 30, 1800, was a great Italian and Austrian surgeon, Court Surgeon of the Emperor Joseph II, founder and the first director of the Military Medicine-Surgical Academy Josephinum, Vienna, Austria

Leonardo da Vinci was, besides of everything else, outstanding anatomist. However, his wonderful works did not influence contemporary science.