Ambroise Paré (1510-1590), considered to be 'père de la chirurgie française' (father of French surgery).

Lorenz Heister, an 18th-century prominent German surgeon, Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the University of Altdorf, Germany. He authored influential books translated into multiple languages, leaving a lasting impact on medical education, including famous "Chirurgie, in welcher alles was zur Wund Artzney gehöret, nach der neuesten und besten Art, gründlich abgehandelt wird." translated in all main European languages.

Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (Russian: Николай Иванович Пирогов; 25.11.1810 – 5.12.1881) was a renowned Russian surgeon, "The father of Russian field surgery" and "The father of Russian topography anatomy", scientist, professor of surgery, publicist and author. Pirogov promoted surgical anaesthesia in Russia, was the first who describe some negative effects and possible complications of general anaesthesia. He was one of the first introducing ether anaesthesia on the battlefield.

Leonardo da Vinci was, besides of everything else, outstanding anatomist. However, his wonderful works did not influence contemporary science.