Ambroise Paré (1510-1590), considered to be 'père de la chirurgie française' (father of French surgery).

Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (Russian: Николай Иванович Пирогов; 25.11.1810 – 5.12.1881) was a renowned Russian surgeon, "The father of Russian field surgery" and "The father of Russian topography anatomy", scientist, professor of surgery, publicist and author. Pirogov promoted surgical anaesthesia in Russia, was the first who describe some negative effects and possible complications of general anaesthesia. He was one of the first introducing ether anaesthesia on the battlefield.