Ambroise Paré (1510-1590), considered to be 'père de la chirurgie française' (father of French surgery).

Nikolay Ivanovich Pirogov (Russian: Николай Иванович Пирогов; 25.11.1810 – 5.12.1881) was a renowned Russian surgeon, "The father of Russian field surgery" and "The father of Russian topography anatomy", scientist, professor of surgery, publicist and author. Pirogov promoted surgical anaesthesia in Russian Empire, was the first who describe some negative effects and possible complications of general anaesthesia. He was one of the first in the world introducing ether anaesthesia on the battlefield.

Hans von Gersdorff (1455-1529) was a German surgeon and medical writer who lived during the 15th and early 16th centuries. He is best known for his military surgical experience and his influential medical manual, the Feldtbuch der Wundarzney (Field Book of Wound Medicine), which became one of the most widely used surgical textbooks in medieval Europe. His work played a crucial role in shaping the field of surgery, particularly in the treatment of battlefield injuries, amputations, and wound care.

Giovanni Alessandro Brambilla, Baron di Carpiano(San Zenone al Po, April 15, 1728 – Padua, July 30, 1800, was a great Italian and Austrian surgeon, Court Surgeon of the Emperor Joseph II, founder and the first director of the Military Medicine-Surgical Academy Josephinum, Vienna, Austria